Rolling Stone Magazine: Songs of the Year, 1949-2024

Rolling Stone: Songs of the Year, 1949-2024

These are the songs of each year as selected by Rolling Stone. The magazine was first published in 1967. By at least 1977, the magazine was selecting a “song of the year” annually. Prior to that, the songs of the year listed below were determined by the song with the highest ranking based on an aggregate of multiple best-of lists (see resources at bottom of page) over the years. You can also see the result of the aggregate as a list of Rolling Stone’s top 200 songs). Click here to see other genre-specific song lists. 2024: Chappell Roan “ Good Luck, Babe!” 2023: Eslabon Armado with Peso Pluma “Ella Baila Sola” 2022: Bad Bunny “Tití Me Preguntó” 2021: WizKid with Tems “Essence” 2020: Cardi B with Megan Thee Stallion “WAP” 2019: Billie Eilish “Bad Guy” 2018: Drake “In My Feelings” 2017: Harry Styles “Sign of the Times” 2016: Beyoncé “Formation” 2015: The Weeknd “Can’t Feel My Face” 2014: Beyoncé with Jay-Z “Drunk in Love” 2013: Daft Punk with Pharrell Williams “Get Lucky” 2012: Alabama Shakes “Hold On” 2011: Adele “Rolling in the Deep” 2010: Kanye West with Pusha T “Runaway” 2009: U2 “Moment of Surrender” 2008: Beyoncé “Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)” 2007: Jay-Z “Roc Boys (And the Winner Is)” 2006: Gnarls Barkley “Crazy” 2005: Arctic Monkeys “I Bet You Look Good on the Dancefloor” 2004: Jay-Z “99 Problems” 2003: OutKast “Hey Ya!” 2002: Missy “Misdemeanor” Elliott “Work It” 2001: Missy “Misdemeanor” Elliott “Get Ur Freak On” 2000: Madonna “Music” 1999: TLC “No Scrubs” 1998: Lauryn Hill “Doo Wop (That Thing)” 1997: The Verve “Bitter Sweet Symphony” 1996: Smashing Pumpkins “1979” 1995: Coolio with L.V. “Gangsta’s Paradise” 1994: Beck “Loser” 1993: Soul Asylum “Runaway Train” 1992: Arrested Development “Tennessee” 1991: R.E.M. “Losing My Religion” 1990: Sinéad O’Connor “Nothing Compares 2 U” 1989: Public Enemy “Fight the Power” 1988: Tracy Chapman “Fast Car” 1987: Bruce Springsteen “Tunnel of Love” 1986: Prince “Kiss” 1985: Artists United Against Apartheid “Sun City” 1984: Tina Turner “What’s Love Got to Do with It?” 1983: The Police “Every Breath You Take” 1982: Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five “The Message” 1981: The Rolling Stones “Start Me Up” 1980: Joy Division “Love Will Tear Us Apart” 1979: The Rolling Stones “Miss You” 1978: Bee Gees “Stayin’ Alive” 1977: Bob Seger & the Silver Bullet Band “Night Moves” 1976: Eagles “Hotel California” 1975: Bruce Springsteen “Born to Run” 1974: Joni Mitchell “Help Me” 1973: Marvin Gaye “Let’s Get It On” 1972: Stevie Wonder “Superstition” 1971: Marvin Gaye “What’s Going On” 1970: Elton John “Your Song” 1969: The Jackson 5 “I Want You Back” 1968: The Beatles “Hey Jude” 1967: Aretha Franklin “Respect” 1966: The Beach Boys “Good Vibrations” 1965: The Miracles “The Tracks of My Tears” 1964: Sam Cooke “A Change Is Gonna Come” 1963: The Beatles “I Want to Hold Your Hand” 1962: The Drifters “Up on the Roof” 1961: Ben E. King “Stand by Me” 1960: Ray Charles “Georgia on My Mind” 1959: Ray Charles “What’d I Say” 1958: Chuck Berry “Johnny B. Goode” 1957: Buddy Holly & the Crickets “That’ll Be the Day” 1956: Elvis Presley “Heartbreak Hotel” 1955: Muddy Waters “Mannish Boy” 1954: Elvis Presley “That’s All Right, Mama” 1953: Hank Williams “Your Cheatin’ Heart” 1952: Lloyd Price “Lawdy Miss Clawdy” 1951: Jackie Brenston & His Delta Cats “Rocket 88” 1950: Muddy Waters “Rollin’ Stone” 1949: Hank Williams “I’m So Lonesome I Could Cry” Resources and Related Links: Dave’s Music Database: “Lists from other publications and/or organizations” Dave’s Music Database (9/16/2021). “Rolling Stone Magazine’s Top 200 Songs” RockListMusic.co.uk: “Rolling Stone Album of the Year and End of Year Critic Lists” (includes song of the year for 1978 to 2020) Rolling Stone (Sept. 2021). “500 Greatest Songs of All Time” Rolling Stone (July 2018, print issue). “Greatest Songs of the Century So Far.” Page 92. Rolling Stone (5/7/2013). “Top 500: Critics and Reader Polls, 1967-2012.” Compiled by Steve Sullivan. Rolling Stone (April 2010). “500 Greatest Songs of All Time” Rolling Stone “Songs of the Decade (2000-2009)” Rolling Stone (Dec. 2004). “The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.” Rolling Stone and MTV (12/7/00). “100 Greatest Pop Songs” Rolling Stone (Aug. 1997). “The Best Records of 5 Decades” Rolling Stone (9/8/1988, print issue #534). “The 100 Best Singles of the Last 25 Years.” First posted 4/15/2019; last updated 1/3/2025.

Drake: Top 100 Songs

Drake Top 100 Songs

Rapper/R&B singer was born Aubrey Drake Graham on 10/24/1986 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He first gained recognition in the teen drama series Degrassi: The Next Generation from 2001 to 2008. He started his recording career in 2006, releasing his first mixtape the next year. His first album, Thank Me Later, came out in 2010. In 2021, his album Certified Lover Boy produced nine top-10 hits, the record for most top-10s from one album. As of 2023, he’d reached #1 thirteen times, tying him with Michael Jackson for the most #1 songs by a male solo artist. He has also had more top 10 hits (68) and more charted songs (294) than any other artist in Billboard history. He is ranked as the highest-certified digital sales artist in the United States and has sold over 170 million records. For a complete list of this act’s DMDB honors, check out the DMDB Music Maker Encyclopedia entry. Click here to see other acts’ best-of lists.

Awards:

Top 100 Songs Dave’s Music Database lists are determined by song’s appearances on best-of lists, appearances on compilations and live albums by the featured act, and songs’ chart success, sales, radio airplay, streaming, and awards. #1 songs on the following charts are noted below: Billboard Hot 100 (BB), Billboard radio airplay (BA), Billboard digital sales (DG), Billboard streaming (ST), Billboard R&B chart/airplay (RB), UK charts (UK), Canadian pop charts (CN), and Australian pop charts (AU). DMDB Top 1%: 1. One Dance (with Wizkid & Kyla, 2016) BB, BA, DG, ST, RB, UK, CN, AU 2. Work with Rihanna, 2016) BB, DG, ST, RB, CN 3. God’s Plan (2018) BB, DG, ST, RB, UK, CN, AU 4. Hotline Bling (2015) DG, RB 5. In My Feelings (2018) BB, DG, ST, RB, UK, CN, AU DMDB Top 2%: 6. Nice for What (2018) BB, DG, ST, RB, UK, CN, AU 7. Sicko Mode (with Travis Scott, 2018) BB, ST, RB DMDB Top 5%: 8. What’s My Name? (with Rihanna, 2010) BB, BA, DG, UK 9. Hold on, We’re Going Home (with Majid Jordan, 2013) RB 10. Life Is Good (with Future, 2020) DG 11. Started from the Bottom (2013) 12. Wait for U (with Future & Tems, 2022) BB, ST, RB 13. No Guidance (with Chris Brown, 2019) RB 14. All of the Lights (with Kanye West & Rihanna, 2010) 15. Best I Ever Had (2009) BA, RB 16. Passionfruit (2017) 17. Toosie Slide (2020) BB, ST, RB, UK 18. Yes Indeed (with Lil Baby, 2018) ST DMDB Top 10%: 19. Take Care (with Rihanna, 2011) 20. Too Good (with Rihanna, 2016) 21. Jimmy Cooks (with 21 Savage, 2022) BB, ST, RB, CN 22. Going Bad (with Meek Mill, 2018) 23. Nonstop (2018) ST, CN 24. The Motto (with Lil Wayne, 2011) RB 25. Laugh Now Cry Later (with Lil Durk, 2020) ST, RB, CN 26. What’s Next (2021) BB, ST, RB, CN 27. Way 2 Sexy (with Future & Young Thug, 2021) BB, ST, RB 28. Forever (with Kanye West, Lil Wayne, & Eminem, 2009) 29. Look Alive (with BlocBoy JB, 2018) RB 30. Controlla (2016) 31. Fuckin’ Problems (with A$AP Rocky, 2 Chainz, & Kendrick Lamar, 2012) 32. Fake Love (2016) RB 33. I’m on One (with DJ Khaled, Rick Ross, & Lil Wayne, 2011) RB 34. Jumpman (with Future, 2015) 35. Popstar (with DJ Khaled, 2020) DG, CN 36. Love Me (with Lil Wayne & Future, 2013) 37. Find Your Love (2010) 38. Headlines (2011) DMDB Top 20%: 39. Right Above It (with Lil Wayne, 2010) DG 40. Walk It Talk It (with Migos, 2018) 41. Only (with Nicki Minaj, Lil Wayne, & Chris Brown, 2014) RB 42. Over (2010) 43. 0 to 100/The Catch Up (2014) 44. For Free (with DJ Khaled, 2016) 45. She Will (with Lil Wayne, 2011) DG, RB 46. Pop Style (with the Throne, 2016) DG 47. Energy (2015) 48. Rich Flex (with 21 Savage, 2022) ST, RB, CN 49. Money in the Grave (with Rick Ross, 2019) 50. Make Me Proud (with Nicki Minaj, 2011) RB 51. Moment 4 Life (with Nicki Minaj, 2011) RB 52. I’m Upset (2018) 53. Girls Need Love (with Summer Walker, 2018) 54. Blessings (with Big Sean, 2015) 55. Staying Alive (with DJ Khaled & Lil Baby, 2022) ST 56. Back to Back (2015) 57. Don’t Matter to Me (with Michael Jackson, 2018) 58. Marvin’s Room (2011) 59. No Lie (with 2 Chainz, 2012) RB 60. Both (with Gucci Mane, 2016) RB 61. Fair Trade (with Travis Scott, 2021) 62. Knife Talk (with 21 Savage & Project Pat, 2021) 63. Know Yourself (2015) 64. Portland (with Quavo & Travis Scott, 2017) 65. Summer Sixteen (2016) RB 66. First Person Shooter (with J. Cole, 2023) BB, RB 67. MIA (with Bad Bunny, 2019) 68. Wants and Needs (with Lil Baby, 2021) 69. Tuesday (with I Love Makonnen, 2014) 70. Gold Roses (with Rick Ross, 2019) Beyond the DMDB Top 20%: 71. Sticky (2022) 72. Where Ya At (with Future, 2015) 73. Diplomatic Immunity (2018) 74. Come and See Me (with Party Next Door, 2016) 75. Crew Love (with the Weeknd, 2011) 76. Finesse (2018) 77. All Me (with 2 Chainz & Big Sean, 2013) 78. Behind Barz (2019) 79. Emotionless (2018) 80. Meltdown (with Travis Scott, 2023) ST, RB, CN 81. Never Recover (with Lil Baby & Gunna, 2018) 82. Aston Martin Music (with Rick Ross & Chrisette Michele, 2010) 83. Slime You Out (with SZA, 2023) BB, RB 84. Feel No Ways (2016) 85. Omertà (2019) 86. Champagne Poetry (2021) 87. IDGAF (with Yeat, 2023) CN 88. HYFR (Hell Yeah Fucking Right) (with Lil Wayne, 2011) 89. Hype (2016) 90. Grammys (2016) 91. With You (with Party Next Door, 2016) 92. Still Here (2016) 93. Search & Rescue (2023) ST, RB 94. Child’s Play (2016) 95. Redemption (2016) 96. Free Smoke (2017) 97. Fire & Desire (2016) 98. Blem (2017) 99. Gyalchester (2017) 100. Right Hand (2015) Resources and Related Links: DMDB Encyclopedia entry for Drake Dave’s Music Database: “Acts’ Profile Pages and Best-of Lists” First posted 10/22/2023; last updated 10/24/2023.

   

Top 50 Songs of 2018

Dave’s Music Database: Top 50 Songs of 2018

These are the top 50 songs of the year based on their overall performance in Dave’s Music Database, which is determined by combining chart data, sales figures, streaming, video views, and aggregates from year-end lists. Check out “Top Songs and Albums of the Year” lists here. DMDB Top 1%: Lil Nas X with Billy Ray Cyrus “Old Town Road” (2018) Drake “God’s Plan” Lady Gaga with Bradley Cooper “Shallow” Drake “In My Feelings” Ariana Grande “Thank U, Next” Lewis Capaldi “Someone You Loved” Post Malone with Swae Lee “Sunflower” DMDB Top 2%: Drake “Nice for What” Zedd with Maren Morris & Grey “The Middle” Cardi B with Bad Bunny & J. Balvin “I Like It” Panic! At the Disco “High Hopes” Halsey “Without Me” Childish Gambino “This Is America” Travis Scott with Drake “Sicko Mode” 5 Seconds of Summer “Youngblood” Marshmello with Bastille “Happier” Post Malone with Ty Dolla $ign “Psycho” Juice Wrld “Lucid Dreams” DMDB Top 5%: XXXtentacion “Sad!” Benny Blanco with Halsey & Khalid “Eastside” Dan + Shay “Tequila” Calvin Harris with Dua Lipa “One Kiss” Post Malone “Better Now” Post Malone “Wow.” Ariana Grande “No Tears Left to Cry” Marshmello with Anne-Marie “Friends” Ella Mai “Boo’d Up” Imagine Dragons “Natural” Dean Lewis “Be Alright” Lil Baby with Gunna “Drip Too Hard” Ava Max “Sweet But Psycho” Kendrick Lamar with SZA “All the Stars” Shawn Mendes “In My Blood” Dan + Shay “Speechless” Trevor Daniel “Falling” Khalid “Better” Lil Baby with Drake “Yes Indeed” Khalid & Normani “Love Lies” DMDB Top 10%: Kodak Black with Travis Scott & Offset “Zeze” Morgan Wallen “Whiskey Glasses” XXXtentacion “Moonlight” Drake “Nonstop” Lauv “I Like Me Better” Mumford & Sons “Guiding Light” Tyga with Offset “Taste” Janelle Monáe “Make Me Feel” Shaed “Trampoline” DJ Snake with Selena Gomez & Cardi B “Taki Taki” The Weeknd “Call Out My Name” 21 Savage with J. Cole “A Lot” Resources/Related Links: Dave’s Music Database: Top Songs and Albums by Year lists Dave’s Music Database: Songs of the Year lists First posted 12/26/2021; last updated 1/17/2023.

Drake spent first of 10 weeks at #1 with “In My Feelings”

In My Feelings Drake

Writer(s): Aubrey Graham, Benny Workman, Darius Harrison, N. Kobe, Caresha Brownlee, Jatavia Johnson, Stephen Garrett, James Scheffer, Rex Zamor, Dwayne Carter Jr., Ibra Ake, Renetta Lowe-Bridgewater, Orville Hall, Phillip Price, Noah Shebib (see lyrics here) Released: July 10, 2018 First Charted: July 14, 2018 Peak: 110 US, 16 DG, 18 ST, 111 RB, 14 UK, 17 CN, 14 AU (Click for codes to charts.) Sales (in millions): 5.0 US, 0.6 UK, 14.8 world (includes US + UK) Airplay/Streaming (in millions): -- radio, 625.7 video, 1373.67 streaming

Awards: Click on award for more details.

About the Song: Drake had already hit #1 twice in 2018 with “God’s Plan” for 11 weeks and “Nice for What” for 8 weeks. By the end of its ten-week run on top, “In My Feelings” gave Drake a whopping 29 weeks at the summit in 2018, breaking Usher’s record for 28 weeks on top in 2004. SF The song was one of seven by Drake to debut in the top 10 the week of July 14, 2018. It went to #1 the next week, giving Drake his sixth chart topper and giving him the record for most #1 songs by a rapper in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The next week, the song set the record for most streams in a single week. WK The song references “Kiki” which has been said to be Keshia Chanté, Drake’s first girlfriend WK or K’yanna Barber, a model from Oakland. SF There’s also a reference to Jennifer Lopez, who Drake dated briefly in 2016. The Fader considered it the highlight of Drake’s Scorpion album. WK The song inspired an Inernet meme dance challenge, prompted by comedian Shiggy who posted a video on his Instagram account of him dancing to the song. WK In the video for the song, a montage of celebrities are shown participating in the “In My Feelings Challenge.” WK They include Steve Aoki, Odell Beckham Jr., Millie Bobby Brown, Ciara, DJ Khaled, Dua Lipa, Ryan Seacrest, and Will Smith. If anyone wanted to launch an attack on songs written by committee, this would be a good place to start. Fifteen people are credited as songwriters on the track. Part of that is due to sampling of Magnolia Shorty’s “Smoking Gun (Acapella Version)” and Lil Wayne’s “Lollipop.” There is also a dialogue clip from the TV show Atlanta. Resources: SF Songfacts WK Wikipedia Related Links: First posted 2/14/2021; last updated 4/1/2024.

Drake hit #1 with Scorpion

First posted 2/14/2021.

Scorpion Drake

Released: June 29, 2018 Peak: 15 US, 15 RB, 13 UK, 15 CN, 13 AU Sales (in millions): 5.0 US, 0.3 UK, 5.82 world (includes US and UK) Genre: rap

Tracks, Disc 1: Song Title (date of single release, chart peaks) Click for codes to singles charts. Survival (7/14/18, 17 US, 15 RB, 18 CN) Nonstop (7/14/18, 2 US, 2 RB, 4 UK, 1 CN, 5 AU, 0.6 million) Elevate (7/14/18, 14 US, 13 RB, 15 CN) Emotionless (7/14/18, 8 US, 7 RB, 5 UK, 13 CN, 12 AU) God’s Plan (1/19/18, 1 US, 3 RR, 1 RB, 1 UK, 1 CN, 1 AU, sales: 15.3 million) I’m Upset (5/26/18, 7 US, 6 RB, 37 UK, 5 CN, 17 AU, 0.2 million) 8 Out of 10 (7/14/18, 21 US, 16 RB, 19 CN, 27 AU) Mob Ties (7/14/18, 13 US, 12 RB, 11 CN, 28 AU, 0.2 million) Can’t Take a Joke (7/14/18, 18 US, 16 RB, 16 CN, 26 AU) Sandra’s Rose (7/14/18, 27 US, 21 RB, 28 CN) Talk Up (with Jay-Z) (7/14/18, 20 US, 17 RB, 17 CN, 33 AU) Is There More (7/14/18, 36 US, 25 RB, 38 CN, 67 AU) Tracks, Disc 2: Peak (7/14/18, 38 US, 27 RB, 37 CN, 58 AU) Summer Games (7/14/18, 28 US, 22 RB, 27 CN, 52 AU) Jaded (7/14/18, 32 US, 24 RB, 36 CN, 64 AU) Nice for What (4/6/18, 1 US, 1 RB, 1 UK, 1 CN, 1 AU, 6.73 million) Finesse (7/14/18, 42 US, 30 RB, 39 CN, 57 AU) Ratchet Happy Birthday (7/14/18, 51 US, 35 RB, 43 CN, 73 AU) That’s How You Feel (7/14/18, 37 US, 26 RB, 34 CN, 62 AU) Blue Tint (7/14/18, 30 US, 23 RB, 30 CN, 66 AU) In My Feelings (7/10/18, 1 US, 1 RB, 1 UK, 1 CN, 1 AU, 14.8 million) Don’t Matter to Me (with Michael Jackson) (7/6/18, 9 US, 8 RB, 2 UK, 4 CN, 3 AU, 0.4 million) After Dark (with Static Major & Ty Dolla $ign) (7/14/18, 41 US, 28 RB, 40 CN, 63 AU) Final Fantasy (7/14/18, 56 US, 37 RB, 52 CN, 84 AU) March 14 (7/14/18, 57 US, 38 RB, 54 CN, 87 AU) Total Running Time: 89:44

Rating: 3.512 out of 5.00 (average of 28 ratings) Quotable: -- Awards: (Click on award to learn more).

About the Album: Scorpion marked Drake’s eighth consecutive release to top the Billboard album chart. It gave him three #1 songs on the Billboard Hot 100. Combined, “God’s Plan,” “Nice for What,” and “In My Feelings” gave the Canadian a record 29 weeks on top within one calendar year. “I’m Upset,” “Don’t Matter to Me,” “Nonstop,” and “Mob Ties” were also released as official singles. The album features guest spots from Jay-Z, Ty Dolla $ign, Michael Jackson, and Static Major – the latter two posthumously. In addition to the seven singles, all 18 of the other cuts from the double album charted. Thanks to Billboard’s policy of tracking digital sales, big albums by big-name artists tend to land all or most of their cuts on the chart in the album’s first week of release. As a result, Drake became the first musician to debut four songs in the top 10 in one week. He also had seven songs in the top 10 simultaneously, making Scorpion only the fourth album to land seven top 10’s. WK Drake covers familiar ground such as “claustrophobia caused by his fame, complications of relationships, and boasting about his rise from an ‘underdog’ to a prominent figure in music.” WK As All Music Guide’s Tim Sendra said, “the 25 songs go back and forth over the same lyrical territory and the monochromatic trap beats drag along slowly behind…It’s a one-trick record…by an artist who’s so deep into the self-obsessed, self-pitying rut he created for himself that he can’t see daylight anymore.” AMG Pitchfork’s Jamieson Cox said, “Whether it’s 2011 or 2018, you’re getting the same guy: anxious, calculating, and self-obsessed with a golden ear and a fondness for terrible punchlines.” WK All Music Guide’s Tim Sendra said Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph characterized the first disc as a “sharply focused hip-hop album, with Drake delivering eloquent zingers” and the second as a showcase for his “sensitive R&B loverman.” WK Alex Petridis of The Guardian said the album “is frequently fantastic” but “there isn’t quite enough strong material here to support its gargantuan running time.” WK Roisin O’Connor of The Independent described the album as “oddly erratic…exhausting and, ultimately, messy.” WK

Resources and Related Links: DMDB encyclopedia entry for Drake AMG All Music Guide review by Tim Sendra WK Wikipedia

“God’s Plan” gave Drake his first of 29 weeks at the summit in 2018

God’s Plan Drake

Writer(s): Aubrey Graham, Ronald LaTour, Daveon Jackson, Matthew Samuels, Noah Shebib (see lyrics here) Released: January 19, 2018 First Charted: February 3, 2018 Peak: 111 US, 3 RR, 16 DG, 111 ST, 111 RB, 19 UK, 110 CN, 111 AU, 21 DF (Click for codes to charts.) Sales (in millions): 15.0 US, 1.2 UK, 17.19 world (includes US + UK) Airplay/Streaming (in millions): -- radio, 1741.11 video, 2472.82 streaming

Awards: Click on award for more details.

About the Song: Drake’s second U.S. #1 as a lead artist (following 2016’s “One Dance”) was only the 29th song to debut atop the Billboard Hot 100. WK Its 11 weeks atop the charts also made it one of the 24 longest-running #1’s in the chart’s history. WK It also hit the pinnacle in more than a dozen other countries WK and launched with the largest on-demand streaming count in a 24-hour period with 14 million streams on Apple and 4.3 million on Spotify. WK On top of that, it kicked off Drake’s chart dominance in 2018 as the song was followed by “Nice for What” for 8 nonconsecutive weeks and, later in the year, by “In My Feelings” for 10 weeks. All told, Drake spent more than half the year – 29 weeks – on top of the charts. The song was also nominated for Grammys for Song of the Year and Record of the Year. The lyrics focused on “fame, fear, and luxury items such as champagne” WK while the music is “bouncy and uplifting, establishing the song as a melodic, upbeat party record.” WK Cardo, one of the song’s producers, sent the original instrumental to Drake in September 2017. WK The video showed Drake engaged in various acts of charity in Miami. As stated at the onset of the video, the entire budget of nearly one million dollars was given away. WK As of November 2018, it was the 16th most-liked video on YouTube. It won Video of the Year at the BET Awards and was nominated for Video of the Year for the MTV Video Music Awards, American Music Awards, and People’s Choice Awards. WK Resources: SF Songfacts WK Wikipedia Related Links: First posted 12/7/2018; last updated 4/1/2024.