Complete Recordings/ King of the Delta Blues Singers Vol. 1/ King of the Delta Blues Singers Vol. 2 |
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Recorded: Nov. 23-27, 1936 in San Antonio; June 19-20, 1937 in Dallas Released: 1961 K1, 1970 K2, August 28, 1990 CR Peak: 80 US CR Sales (in millions): 1.0 US CR Genre: blues K1 King of the Delta Blues Singers, Vol. 1 K2 King of the Delta Blues Singers, Vol. 2 CR The Complete Recordings |
Tracks Recorded November 23, 1936:
Tracks Recorded November 26, 1936:
Tracks Recorded November 27, 1936:
Tracks Recorded June 19, 1937:
Tracks Recorded June 20, 1937:
* Includes two versions – the master and an alternate.
These three collections all mine from the same 29 known recordings of Robert Johnson songs. The two volumes of King of the Delta Blues Singers cover all 29 songs on two separately released albums; The Complete Recordings gathers all 29 of those masters plus another 12 alternate versions. |
Rating: CR4.674 out of 5.00 (average of 29 ratings)
Quotable:“If you are starting your blues collection from the ground up, be sure to make this your very first purchase.” – Cub Koda, AllMusic.comAwards: K1(Click on award to learn more).Awards: CR |
Robert Johnson’s InfluenceRobert “Johnson’s country blues are a touchstone for generations of bluesmen and rockers.” EW’93 He “virtually defined the blues.” BL His recordings “form the backbone of the blues, and are among the most influential artifacts in all of twentiety-century music: Virtually everyone who followed Johnson – the electric bluesmen of the 1940s, Eric Clapton, and countless rock guitarists – copped something from his trick bag.” TM“The hard rock of the 1960s, particularly the strains bleeding from the United Kingdom, was largely based on the Delta blues. Johnson influenced these sounds indirectly, through his influence on seminal bluesmen like Muddy Waters, Howlin’ Wolf, and Elmore James, as well as directly, as his own paltry output was covered by the likes of Bob Dylan, the Rolling Stones, Fleetwood Mac, …Eric Clapton” CS and Led Zeppelin. This Mississippi-born blues singer, guitarist, and harmonica player only had one minor hit – Terraplane Blues BH – but his influence has been immeasurable. Robert Johnson is a Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee and four of his songs have been named to their Top 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll list (“Cross Road Blues”, “Sweet Home Chicago”, “Hellhound on My Trail”, “A Love in Vain”). Rolling Stones’ guitarist Keith Richards said, “You want to know how good the blues can get? Well, this is it.” RJ Eric Clapton called him “the most important blues singer that ever lived.” SL The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame calls his work “the bedrock upon which modern blues and rock and roll were built.” RH
The Crossroads LegendHis brief 27 years have fueled popular myth. As a teenager, he learned from other Delta blues legends like Son House and Charley Patton. Johnson left home for awhile and when he returned a few years later, his “sudden – and drastic – improvement as a guitar player” CS prompted Son House and others to perpetuate a legend that Johnson sold his soul to the devil at the crossroads of Highways 61 and 49 in Clarksdale, Mississippi, to develop his guitar-playing ability.Bluesman Johnny Shines, who played with Johnson, said, “some of the things that Robert did with the guitar affected the way everybody played. He’d do rundowns and turnbacks. He’d do repeats. None of this was being done. Because of Robert, people learned to complement themselves, carrying their own bass as their own lead with this one instrument.” CS Less than a year later, Johnson was poisoned with strychnine by a jealous husband after flirting with the man’s wife. As he was dying, John Hammond, a legendary talent scout with Columbia Records, was trying to track Johnson down for a gig at New York City’s Carnegie Hall. RJ His RecordingsHis slim body of work consists of 29 songs captured in two series of recording sessions. 22 of the recordings were released on eleven 78 rpm records within his lifetime. RJ “If we didn’t have these scratchy etchings it would have been necessary for someone to fake them. This is how the blues sound in the root of every imagination.” WR“The revisionist history is that he wasn’t really the greatest blues musician of his era, he was just lucky enough to get recorded. The response to both stories is simple – just listen to his songs.” TL “Whether the devil made him do it or not, these songs…certainly hit otherworldly extremes. On first hearing this music, Keith Richards assumed Johnson had two guitars.” BL Johnson auditioned for H.C. Speir, a talent scout, in October 1936 in Jackson, Mississippi. Speir then recommended Johnson to ARC Records’ representative Ernie Oertle. The San Antonio Sessions (1936)After auditioning for Oertle, Johnson went to San Antonio, Texas, where he recorded 14 songs (and alternate takes) over three sessions from November 23 to 27 in 1936. The recording took place in a makeshift studio in Room 414 at the Gunter Hotel. It was produced by Don Law. “It is unknown what input, if any, he had into Johnson's selection of material to record or how to present it.” The first day of recording focused on Johnson’s “most commercially appealing songs” that were “original pieces and reflected current, piano-influenced musical trends.” This included his first single Terraplane Blues and some of his best-known standards such as Sweet Home Chicago, Dust My Broom, and Ramblin’ on My Mind.After a two-day break, Johnson “reached back into his long-standing repertoire for songs to record.” WK This material reflected the styles of country blues performers Charley Patton and Son House who had influenced Johnson in his youth. These are some of his “most heartfelt and forceful” recordings. WK The last session produced perhaps his best-known song, Cross Road Blues. The Dallas Sessions (1937)The second set of sessions were held in Dallas, Texas, in 1937 from June 19-20. He laid down thirteen more songs, including Travelling Riverside Blues and Love in Vain. These were done in the former Vitagraph and Warner Bros. building at 508 Park Avenue in an unused storage area on the third floor. Art Satherley, a producer with the American Record Corporation (ARC) and Vocalion Records, arranged for Don Law to once again produce the sessions, along with recording engineer Vincent Liebler.Law has famously recounted how Johnson faced the wall while they recorded. This had led to various stories that Johnson did so out of stage fright, because the acoustics for recording were better than way, or that he was trying to hide his guitar-playing technique. His first sessions in San Antonio found him speeding up and rearranging songs to fit the 78rpm format but this time he was well prepared, timing the songs to fit and coming in with his own material instead of reworked Delta favorites. Not only was Johnson “noticeably more polished and professional” but “a good deal more somber and introspective.” EW-167 Johnson’s 1937 recording sessions “set him apart from the more pedestrian composers crowding the blues field.” EW-173 He may have decided that the “more involved compositional approach…was becoming a thing of the past.” EW-173 It makes for “one of the most varied one-man sessions in prewar blues, a survey of the 1930s scene as reinterpreted by a unique and extraordinary artist.” EW-185 King of the Delta Blues SingersDuring the American folk music revival in 1961, a compilation called King of the Delta Blues Singers, gathered sixteen of Johnson’s 78-rpm releases on one collection. This includes “the majority of Johnson’s best-known tunes, the ones that made the legend.” AM-K1 John Hammond is widely believed to have been involved in selecting the tracks and producing. WKThe collection was marketed to white enthusiasts. WK It has been credited for jump-starting a blues revival. AM-K1 The collection compiled sixteen of his 78-rpm releases on one collection. This is “the blues at its finest, the lyrics sheer poetry.” AM-K1 “It sparked a whole new era of blues-based rock, influencing some of the biggest names in music through the 1960s.” CS King of the Delta Blues Singers, Vol. 2 followed in 1970. “The music is…impeccable – the self-accompanying bassline boogie was one of Johnson’s greatest contributions to the blues, and it’s displayed in all its beauty here. To top this, there’s the beauty of his melodic work, and the interplay with his semi-gruff voice that help to make his songs memorable.” AM-K2 The Complete RecordingsThen in 1990, The Complete Recordings was released. It contained everything ever recorded by Johnson, “including a generous selection of alternate takes.” AM It “is essential listening, but it is also slightly problematic. The problems aren’t in the music itself, of course…[but] in the track sequencing.” AM “All of the alternates are sequenced directly after the master, which can make listening to the album a little…tedious for novices. Certainly, the alternates can be programmed out…but the set would have been more palatable if the alternate takes were presented on a separate disc. Nevertheless, this is a minor complaint – Johnson’s music retains its power no matter what context it is presented in. He, without question, deserves this kind of deluxe box set treatment.” AM“Johnson’s masterful writing, with its perfect control of images and emotion, and magnificent guitar playing loom large over music to this day.” TL His “guitar is as polyphonic as the wheels of a train, his voice as elemental as the wind; they pass the listener at an unbiddable distance and leave only the faintest trace, like steam on a window.” WR “He is the true legend of the blues, and anyone with even the slightest curiosity in that genre or rock needs to own both this album and its predecessor, or else the box set…that covers both of them.” AM-K2 “If you are starting your blues collection from the ground up, be sure to make this your very first purchase.” AM-K1 The SongsJohnson’s songs “included tales of fast and mean-spirited women, drifter-on-the-lonesome-road laments, a utopian sketch of a place called ‘Sweet Home Chicago,’ and, most notably, a suite of haunted songs about the ominous doings of the Devil.” TM He sings about “the badass apparition he encountered at the mythic crossroads (‘Cross Road Blues’), or the woman who sprinkled hotfoot powder at his door (Hellhound on My Trail), or the daily vexations of life on the run (‘Me and the Devil Blues’).” TMHe “treats the blues not as entertainment, but as a kind of metaphysical Emergency Broadcast System, cautioning all who will listen about the evils waiting just up the road. He shouts in his songs, but he trembles too, and when he slides into that keening, armor-piercing upper register, you can’t miss the sense that this is someone who’s been spooked, rattled to the core.” TM Here are insights into individual tracks. “Kind Hearted Woman Blues” Released: B-side of Johnson’s first 78 rpm record “Terraplane Blues” released on Vocalion (March 1937) This was the first song Johnson recorded. He was “clearly starting with the most arranged and up-to-date pieces in his repertoire. This was the most varied arrangement he ever recorded.” EW-133 As it was his first time in front of a microphone, there are times his nervousness is clear. “It is an admirable recording but there are still some bugs to be worked out.” EW-134 It was crafted as imitation of other songs from the time. It was composed in a similar style to Bumble Bee Slim’s “Cruel Hearted Woman Blues,” which in turn was based on Leroy Carr’s “Mean Mistreater Mama.” Johnson imitates Carr’s relaxed singing style and well as his piano phrases. The bridge is in the style of Kokomo Arnold’s “Milk Cow Blues.” WK “Kind Hearted Woman Blues” was written as an answer song to “Cruel Hearted Woman Blues” in that Johnson defends the woman, at least somewhat. EW-131 “One moment he is praising his kind hearted woman, the next he is complaining that she drives him to drink with her cheating ways.” EW-132 Stephen Calt says the phrase “kind-hearted woman” was slang for a woman who “catered to a gigolo in return for sexual fidelity.” WK As the first song Johnson recorded, “Kind Hearted Woman Blues” “gives some insight into what set him apart from the competition.” EW-131 Rural blues musicians were expected to just provide danceable rhythms at juke joints, not “carefully compose a whole blues lyric.” EW-132 In addition, “rather than just playing an accompaniment for his vocal, Johnson has worked out a full-fledged, abundantly varied musical arrangement.” EW-133 The norm for rural guitarists was to stick to styles derived from guitar and banjo, but Johnson would sometimes base guitar parts on piano lines, as he does in the first verse here. EW-133 Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (2004), Arthur “Big Boy” Crudup (1949), Keb’ Mo’ (1994), Robert Lockwood (1951), Roy Rogers (1985), Todd Rundgren (2011), Johnny Shines (1971), George Thorogood & the Destroyers (1977), Muddy Waters (1966), Johnny Winter, the Youngbloods (1972) “I Believe I’ll Dust My Broom” Released: B-side of “Dead Shrimp Blues” (April 1937) Awards: Awards (Elmore James version): 5000 copies of the single were initially pressed. Another 900 copies were pressed on budget labels and sold in dime stores. An unspecified number were sold through Sears & Roebuck department stores and its catalog. WK Johnson recorded “Dust My Broom” as “an upbeat boogie shuffle” WK with a “stripped-down, driving guitar accompaniment.” EW-136 Instead of adhering to a strict twelve-bar blues structure, Johnson varies the timing. He uses a fingerstyle guitar instead of a bottleneck or slide guitar. His guitar work features a rhythm pattern adapted from the piano boogie style and is seen as one of Johnson’s major innovations. WK Like much of Johnson’s work, it features elements based on earlier blues songs, including the Sparks brothers’ “I Believe I’ll Make a Change” (1932), Jack Kelly’s “Believe I’ll Go Back Home” (1933), and Carl Rafferty’s “Mr. Carl’s Blues” (1933). WK Kokomo Arnold’s “Sagefield Woman Blues” (1934) and “Sissy Man Blues” (1935) both feature similar lines to some found in “Dust My Broom,” although the latter makes the lyrics more cohesive by concentrating on traveling and being away from the girl one loves. The melody is also featured in Leroy Carr and Josh White’s recordings of “I Believe I’ll Make a Change” (1934). WK Some have interpreted the phrase “dust my broom” as a hoodoo reference, but bluesman Big Joe Williams said it meant, “leaving for good…I’m putting you down, I won’t be back no more.” Music writer Ted Gioia compares the phrase to biblical passages about shaking the dust from one’s feet and how that symbolizes “the rambling ways of the blues musician.” TG Johnson also makes references to geographic locations and topical events which music writer Greil Marcus says are used as escapism. WK Elmore James regularly performed “Dust My Broom” when he was living in the Mississippi Delta in the late 1930s. He often performed with Sonny Boy Williamson II (Aleck Rice Miller). After a stint in the U.S. Navy during World War II, the two joined up again. When Williamson got a chance to record for Trumpet Records in 1951, he was accompanied by James. This led to James signing a recording contract. He recorded “Dust My Broom” at an August 5 session at Ivan Scott’s Radio Service Studio in Jackson, Mississippi. Williamson accompanied him on harmonica. WK Blues historian Gerard Herzhaft says James’ recording is what “made it the classic as we know it.” His “slide guitar adaptation of Johnson’s triplet figure has been identified as one of the most famous blues guitar riffs and has inspired many rock performers.” WK Notable Covers: Fleetwood Mac (as “I Believe My Time Ain’t Long,” 1967), Ben Harper (1992), Elmore James (1952, #9 RB), Todd Rundgren (2011), Ike & Tina Turner (1966), ZZ Top (1979)
“Sweet Home Chicago” Released: 1937 single b/w “Walkin’ Blues” (take 1, 1937) Awards: While the lyrics are ambiguous, “Sweet Home Chicago” has become a popular anthem for its namesake city. It evoked an image of an exotic getaway for African Americans migrating from the South. Johnson pleads with a woman to return with him to “my sweet home Chicago.” WK Johnson “uses a driving guitar rhythm and a high, near-falsetto vocal for the song.” He also adapts boogie piano accompaniments instead of using the bottleneck guitar style of Kokomo Arnold. Steve LaVere, the manager of Johnson's recording legacy, has said the song is “like ‘When the Saints Go Marching In’ to the blues crowd.” WK The song actually mentions California more than Chicago, a reference which has confused some music historians although some have interpreted the song as talking about journeying from California to Chicago. Remakes of the song often eliminate the references to California. WK The song shares a melody with several other songs including Edith North Johnson’s “Honey Dripper Blues,” Bessie Jackson’s “Red Cross Man,” and Scrapper Blackwell’s “Kokomo Blues.” Johnson adapted songs like Kokomo Arnold’s “Old Original Kokomo Blues” (1933) to make references to Chicago and aspirational migration. The structure of the verses in “Sweet Home Chicago” also resemble Kokomo’s song. WK In a celebration of blues at the White House in 2012, President Barack Obama talked about the origin of the blues and how they migrated from the Mississippi Delta to his hometown of Chicago. He joined Buddy Guy and B.B. King in singing the first verse of “Sweet Home Chicago.” Notable Covers: Luther Allison (2001), The Blues Brothers (1980), Eric Clapton (2004), David “Honeyboy” Edwards (1953), Fleetwood Mac (1995), Foghat (1978), Buddy Guy et al (2007), Ben Harper (1992), Keb’ Mo’ & Corey Harris (2003), Freddie King (1977), Magic Sam (1967), Steve Miller Band (2011), Junior Parker (1958, #13 RB), Todd Rundgren (2011), Johnny Shines (1966), Status Quo (2000), Roosevelt Sykes (1955), Taj Mahal (1972)
“Ramblin’ on My Mind” Released: B-side of 78 rpm single “Cross Road Blues” (May 1937) Johnson infuses “Son House rawness into his voice, sounding more passionate” EW-139 than his previous recordings. While both takes of the song focus on a traveling theme, they differ lyrically with the first being repetitive while the second has no repeated verses. EW-140 There’s also “a self-conscious display of instrumental technique.” EW-139 On “Ramblin’ on My Mind,” Johnson “used an open tuning that allowed him to combine a boogie shuffle on the bass strings with bottleneck triplets on the treble strings.” WK Elmore James adapted the slide triplets for this song into his version of Johnson’s “Dust My Broom.” EW-139 The family of Ike Zimmerman has claimed he wrote the song. WK Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (1980+), John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers with Eric Clapton (1966), Big Joe Williams (1966), Lucinda Williams (1979)
“When You Got a Good Friend” Released: 1961 This song and “Ramblin’ on My Mind” both used the melody of Walter Davis’ “M & O Blues” although they used “different musical approaches and different guitar tunings.” WK Johnson also revisits the riff he used at the beginning of “Kind Hearted Woman,” “Dust My Broom,” and “Sweet Home Chicago.” EW-140 This “was Johnson’s most personal and distinctive lyric so far” EW-141 but Vocalion chose not to release it, perhaps because of “the understated sensitivity of the song” EW-141 although it is also a “relatively lackluster” EW-141 performance with a “relatively pedestrian musical arrangement.” EW-141 It didn’t see the light of day until it was featured on 1961’s King of the Delta Blues Singers. Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (2004), Edgar Winter & Doyle Bramhall II (2022), Johnny Winter (1969) “Come on in My Kitchen” Released: B-side of 78 rpm single “They’re Red Hot” (take 2, 1937) Awards: Author Elijah Wald called “Come on in My Kitchen” Johnson’s “first unquestionable masterpiece.” EW-142 It sounds like the singer is “alone, absorbing all the world’s sorrows and transforming them into a perfectly formed, deeply personal gem of poetic wisdom.” EW-142 Johnny Shines, a blues musician who sometimes traveled with Johnson, said, that one time Johnson “was playing very slow and passionately, and when we had quit, I noticed no one was saying anything. Then I realized they were crying – both women and men.” WK The song shares melodic similarities with Ida Cox and Papa Charlie Jackson’s “How Long Daddy, How Long” (1925), Leroy Carr and Scrapper Blackwell’s “How Long How Long Blues” (1928), Mississippi Sheiks’ “Sitting on Top of the World” (1930), and St. Louis Jimmy Oden’s “Six Feet in the Ground” (1934). Wald purports that Tampa Red’s “Things ‘Bout Coming My Way” (1934) served as the primary inspiration for the song. WK Johnson recorded two versions of the song. Wald speculates that producers at Vocalion thought the first version was too mournful and uncommercial and asked for a more upbeat version. EW-144 Both are “based on the refrain and on a consistent emotional projection.” He also speaks to his woman in both songs, saying “Can’t you hear that wind howl?” “as his guitar imitates the sound of winter wind.” Both versions also share a description of the isolation of the woman and “the regretful retrospective mood of the singer.” WK Notable Covers: Allman Brothers Band (1991), Cat Power (2002), Eric Clapton (2004), Delaney & Bonnie & Friends (1970), Gov’t Mule (2008), Guitar Slim (1981), Keb’ Mo’ (1994), Dave Mason (2014), Steve Miller Band (1973), Todd Rundgren (2011), Leon Russell (2014), Simply Red (1991), Stephen Stills (2017)
“Terraplane Blues” Released: Johnson’s first 78 rpm record b/w “Kind Hearted Woman” (March 1937) Awards: This was the A-side of Johnson’s first single, “the obvious choice…out of that first day’s recording.” EW-147 It became a moderate regional hit, selling an estimated 10,000 copies. The song “is an adept combination of Delta styles and hot contemporary trends. The Delta can be heard in Johnson’s intricate rhythmic juxtapositions, while the basic structure is taken from ‘Milk Cow Blues,’ and the lyric is a typical example of the sort of songs being churned out by the Chicago hit factories.” EW-145 Terraplane is a car model which Johnson used as a metaphor for sex. The narrator sings about the car not starting and he suspects his girlfriend let another man drive the car while he was gone. Johnson creates “thinly veiled sexual innuendo” in describing the various mechanical problems with the car WK and letting “the mechanical components of an automobile substitute for various body parts.” EW-146 Notable Covers: Canned Heat (1994), Eric Clapton (2004), Dion (2005), Foghat (1975), John Lee Hooker with Roy Rogers (1987), Johnny Shines (1971) “Phonograph Blues” Released: 1970 This was the last song Johnson did at his first recording session. “It was well played and sung but had nothing to set it apart from other Johnson efforts.” EW-147 Still, “Johnson’s vocals and guitar work sound surer” than at the beginning of the session. He had “relaxed into the process [and] any microphone fright was gone.” EW-148 Vocalion didn’t release the song as a single or B-side so it didn’t see the light of day until 1970 when it was released on The King of the Delta Blues Singers, Vol. 2. The song is very similar melodically to “Terraplane Blues;” both also employ double entendres. EW-147 On the first take of “Phonograph Blues,” Johnson sings over the same accompaniment as “Kind Hearted Woman” but it threatened to go longer than the three-minute limit for a 78 rpm release. For the second take, he uses the accompaniment of “Dust My Broom” because it had “a faster arrangement that would let him get all the verses in.” EW-148 Notable Covers: Alexis Korner (1988), The White Stripes (2007) “32-20 Blues” Released: 78 rpm single b/w “Last Fair Deal Gone Down” (take 2, April 1937) This was the only song Johnson recorded on November 26, 1936 – his second recording session in San Antonio. Author Elijah Wood speculates that the act recording before Johnson may have gone long or the act after him needed to get in and finish. EW-149 Johnson had recorded his most commercial material in the first session a couple of days earlier so this session and the one that followed the next day were focused on more varied material that reached back deeper into his repertoire. “32-20 Blues” was the closest thing Johnson did to a straight cover. It is basically a guitar version of Skip James’ “22-20 Blues,” which was played on piano. EW-149 It was an unusual choice because most of the works Johnson “emulated were by top hit makers.” EW-150 “The title refers to .32-20 Winchester ammunition, which could be used in handguns as well as smaller rifles.” WK Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (2004), Cowboy Junkies, Bob Dylan (1993), Flamin’ Groovies, Gov’t Mule, John Hammond Jr., Alexis Korner, New York Dolls, Keith Richards, Muddy Waters, Cassandra Wilson, Johnny Winter “They’re Red Hot” Released: 78 rpm record by Vocalion Records b/w “Come on in My Kitchen” (take 1, 1937) This “performance [is] so unlike his earlier recordings that it might almost be by a different person.” EW-152 “For some young hipsters, the intro to ‘They’re Red Hot’ would have been more exciting than any of Johnson’s other guitar riffs.” EW-153 At the same time, Johnson’s “vocal demonstrates a gift for jive comedy that is hardly suggested in his other material.” EW-153 The lyrics are about “a woman selling hot tamales from a stall, with the aforementioned tamales being a popular food in the Mississippi Delta, which Johnson would likely have eaten many times.” WK Music historian Ted Gioia called it one of Johnson’s “best dance numbers ... evoking the pitches of street vendors, [a] look backward to the world of medicine shows and itinerant merchants…This is the most lighthearted interlude in all of Johnson's oeuvre, opening up a different perspective on this supposedly devil-haunted soul.” TG Far Out magazine reviewed the Red Hot Chili Peppers version, saying, “It’s the same kind of offbeat and lascivious goofiness that made the Chili Peppers the Chili Peppers, and the fact that the band’s name is partially in the song title certainly helps solidify the connection. [It is] silly, simple, and a wonderfully wacky to end Blood Sugar Sex Magik.” WK Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (2004), Red Hot Chili Peppers (1991), Todd Rundgren (2011), Johnny Shines et al (1977), Cassandra Wilson (2002)
“Dead Shrimp Blues” Released: single b/w “Dust My Broom” (April 1937) On “Dead Shrimp Blues,” Johnson “recycled the guitar part he had already used for ‘Kind Hearted Woman’ and ‘Phonograph Blues.’ The most interesting thing…is the obscurity of its lyric.” EW-154 Johnson once again creates an erotic image out of a common item, although “it is hard to see how exactly the dead shrimps he invokes relate to the woman who has left him for another man.” EW-154 Author Elijah Wald theorizes that shrimp were bait and, in this song, “symbolize what he had that his girlfriend wanted, but now she has had her fill and gone her way.” EW-154 “It is not one of his greatest pieces.” EW-155 Notable Covers: Peter Green Splinter Group (2000), Pyeng Threadgill (2004) “Cross Road Blues” (aka “Crossroads”) Released: 78 rpm single b/w “Ramblin’ on My Mind” (take 1, May 1937) See the DMDB page for “Cross Road Blues (aka "Crossroads")” to read about the song and see its awards. Notable Covers: Jeff Beck & Eric Clapton (1982), Ry Cooder (1986), Cream (1968, #28 BB, #17 CB), Cowboy Junkies (1986), Derek & the Dominos (1971), Dion (2005), Jeff Healey Band (2011), Elmore James (1954+), Cyndi Lauper & Jonny Lang (2010), Lynyrd Skynyrd (1976), John Mayer (2009), Steve Miller Band (2019), Powerhouse (1966), Todd Rundgren (2011), Rush (2004), Johnny Shines (1971), Slash & Gary Clark Jr. (2024), Stephen Stills (1975), Taj Mahal et al (2001), Robin Trower (1997)
“Walkin’ Blues” Released: B-side of “Sweet Home Chicago” (take 1, 1937) Son House first recorded “Walkin’ Blues” in 1930. He also did versions in 1941 and ‘42. Some of the verses later developed into House’s song “Death Letter Blues.” WK “Walkin’ Blues” was also part of Robert Johnson and Muddy Waters’ repertoire. Johnson’s version incorporates elements from House’s “My Black Mama” and slide guitar techniques which Johnson learned from House. Johnson’s “guitar sounds fuller and warmer than House’s, and his vocals show more dynamic variation.” EW-159 Waters recorded it in 1941 as “Country Blues” and used it as the basis for his song “I Feel Like Going Home” (1948). He recorded it as “Walkin’ Blues” in 1950. WK Lyrics like “Woke up this morning feeling down to my shoes” were used in earlier blues songs. Johnson also employed a “morning theme” and the first verse of House’s version. Other verses reference verses from other songs in Johnson’s tale of a hobo hopping trains. WK Producer John Hammond wanted Johnson to play at his 1938 From Spirituals to Swing concert, but Johnson died a few months earlier. Hammond instead played Johnson’s recordings of “Walkin’ Blues” and “Preachin’ Blues.” Notable Covers: Joe Bonamassa (2003), Eric Clapton (1992), Dion (2005), Rory Gallagher (2003), Grateful Dead (1990), Bonnie Raitt (1971), Roy Rogers (1987), Johnny Shines (1952), Taj Mahal (1967), Susan Tedeschi & Derek Trucks (2001), Muddy Waters (1950) “Last Fair Deal Gone Down” Released: as the B-side of the 78 rpm single for “32-20 Blues” (take 1, April 1937), Harry Smith’s Anthology of American Folk Music, Vol. 4 (2000) Johnson’s “Last Fair Deal Gone Down” “is an anomaly in his repertoire, by far the most ‘country piece he recorded.” EW-160 It is a “variant…related to the hillbilly song popularized by Fiddlin’ John Carson as ‘Don’t Let Your Deal Go Down,’ and also to a work song recorded in Mississippi’s Parchman prison farm, and titled ‘It Makes a Long Time Man Feel Bad.’” EW-160 The melody and structure was adapted from Charley Patton’s “You’re Gonna Need Somebody When You Die” (1929). WK Author Elijah Wald speculates that Johnson did the song to amuse white listeners by giving them “an upbeat exaggeration of the levee work songs.” EW-161 This song “connects some scenes of gambling, work and romance, by situating them on the Gulf and Ship Island Railroad.” The expression “Deal Go Down” refers to Georgia Skin, a card game. Notable Covers: Beck (2006), Eric Clapton (2004), Keb’ Mo’ (1996), Todd Rundgren (2011) “Preachin’ Blues (Up Jumped the Devil)” Released: B-side of single for “A Love in Vain” (take 1, 2/9/1939) This was one of Johnson’s “wildest and most exciting performances.” EW-161 The original version by Son House was about his life as a Baptist minister followed by his career switch to becoming a musician and then ending up in Parchman penitentiary after killing a man. EW-161 Johnson retained the idea of being swept up by the blues but largely eliminates the references to being a preacher. Johnson pens lyrics that compare the blues taking him over to a slow death. EW-162 Even though he sings about the blues as “‘an aching old heart disease’ he sounds as if he is exulting in its power.” EW-163 Notable Covers: Jeff Buckley (2004), Fleetwood Mac (1995) “If I Had a Possession Over Judgment Day” Released: 1961 Johnson based “If I Had Possession Over Judgment Day” on “Rollin’ and Tumblin’” (also known as “Roll and Tumble Blues”) which was first recorded by singer/guitarist Hambone Willie Newbern in 1929. The song contains elements of “Minglewood Blues,” a song recorded by Gus Cannon’s Jug Stompers in 1928. WK “Rollin’ and Tumblin’” was issued as a single in 1929 and became “a great Delta blues classic,” being widely covered by blues and rock artists, most notably Muddy Waters. Johnson’s adaptation is musically based on the original but adds new lyrics. “Where Newbern sang about love, Robert sang about sex and power, combining his own fears of them with the fantasy of controlling them.” He also based “Traveling Riverside Blues” on Newbern’s song. WK Notable Covers of “Rollin’ and Tumblin’”: Canned Heat (1967), Cream (1966+), Howlin’ Wolf (as “Down in the Bottom,” 1961), Elmore James (1960), Muddy Waters with Little Walter (1950), Johnny Winter (1968) “Stones in My Passway” Released: 78 rpm single b/w “I’m a Steady Rollin’ Man” (take 2, 1937) The title refers to stones being passed through the urinary tract. Writer Greil Marcus described this as a “song of a man who once asked for power over other souls, but who now testifies that he has lost power over his own body, and who might well see that disaster as a fitting symbol of the loss of his soul.” WK Music journalist Charles Shaar Murray called this “one of Johnson’s towering masterpieces,” WK explaining that Johnson “can desire his woman only when she rejects him [and] his potency deserts him when he is with her.” WK AllMusic.com’s Thomas Ward did not consider it one of Johnson’s better works but said, “the guitar playing is incandescent and inspired.” WK Johnson “revisits the guitar arrangement” of “Terraplane Blues” EW-167 but abandons the double entendre of that song for “something subtler and more complex.” The lyrics are more cohesive EW-168 as he lists the events of a soured relationship. EW-169 Notable Covers: The Black Crowes & Jimmy Page (2000), Joe Bonamassa (2012), Eric Clapton (2016), Led Zeppelin (“You Shook Me,” 1969), John Mellencamp (2003), Roy Rogers (1993)
“I’m a Steady Rollin’ Man” Released: as B-side of “Stones in My Passway” (take 2, 1937) “I’m a Steady Rollin’ Man” is done “in a mainstream Peetie Wheatstraw style, complete with the falsetto ‘ooh well’ and a guitar part that nicely captures elements of the piano-guitar duet sound. The lyric is a bit out of character, painting Johnson as a steady, hard worker whose baby keeps rambling off…It is well put together, each verse flowing logically into the next and Johnson sings with a nice, relaxed swing.” EW-170 Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (1974), George Thorogood & the Destroyers (1992) “From Four Until Late” Released: single b/w “Hell Hound on My Trail” (take 1, September 1937) Here Johnson exhibits more interest in a smoother playing style and “a mellow croon much lighter than any of his earlier vocals.” He seems to be evoking the style of Blind Blake, who was criticized as a weak singer but had “a pleasant, relaxed delivery on mid-tempo songs” which were accompanied by “spectacular guitar work.” EW-171 Notable Covers: Cream “Hellhound on My Trail” (aka “Hell Hound on My Trail”) Released: B-side of “From Four Until Late” (take 2, September 1937) See the DMDB page for “Hell Hound on My Trail” to read about the song and see its awards. Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (2004), Fleetwood Mac (1968), Roy Rogers (1989), Todd Rundgren (2011), Cassandra Wilson (1993) “Little Queen of Spades” Released: single b/w “Me and the Devil Blues” (take 1, 1938) This was Johnson’s reworking of Pettie Wheatstraw’s “King of Spades” with the woman as the focus. Johnson sings, “She is a little queen of spades / And the men will not let her be” whereas Wheatstraw sings, “I am the king of spades / And the women takes on over me.” EW-172 Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (2004) “Malted Milk” Released: single b/w “Milkcow’s Calf Blues” (take 1, September 1937) Johnson adapted Lonnie Johnson’s guitar part from “Life Saver” for both “Malted Milk” and “Drunken Hearted Man.” Both songs were about “the charms and dangers of alcohol.” “Robert’s voice is darker and deeper than Lonnie’s, but the style suits him quite well.” “On the whole these performances are comfortable and fully realized, though markedly different from his other work.” EW-175 Unfortunately, “they are also rather unexceptional.” He comes across as an “acceptable Lonnie Johnson clone.” EW-175 Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (1992), Jonny Lang (1995), Lucinda Williams (1979) “Drunken Hearted Man” Released: 1970 “Drunken Hearted Man” didn’t see release until 1970. Given the song’s similiarty to “Malted Milk,” “the record company can hardly be blamed for treating the two songs as a single piece and setting one aside.” EW-175 Notable Covers: Peter Green Splinter Group (2000) “Me and the Devil Blues” Released: B-side of “Little Queen of Spades” (take 1, 1938) Awards: In “Me and the Devil Blues,” the narrator talks about waking up one morning to the devil knocking at his door and telling him “it’s time to go.” The song was done in the style of Peetie Wheatstraw with a guitar part from “Kind Hearted Woman.” The “vocal is beautifully modulated” EW-175 “and no blues singers have ever polished their work more thoroughly.” It is “a superbly constructed piece of pop music in the style of the best urban studio performers of the time.” The lyric “has more than a touch of hip humor and sophistication.” EW-177 “There is a good deal of dark humor mixed in with the fine singing, the brilliantly understated guitar work, and all the other factors that go to make this one of Johnson’s most fully conceived performances.” EW-178 Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (2004), Cowboy Junkies (1986) “Stop Breakin’ Down Blues” (“Stop Breakin’ Down”) Released: single b/w “Honeymoon Blues” (take 2, 3/20/1938) Awards: This is Johnson’s “most uptempo song,” WK featuring an “exuberant vocal,” and a “strong chorus line.” EW-179 It is “structurally unusual, set in a quite different pattern from everything else in his repertoire.” EW-179 The lyrics are partly based on Johnson’s experience with certain women. Johnson plays the song in a fretted guitar style, adding a brief slide coda. WK Memphis Minnie and Joe McCoy’s 1934 “You Got to Move,” Buddy Moss’ 1935 “Stop Hanging Around,” Memphis Minnie’s 1936 “Caught Me Wrong Again” have been cited as “melodic precedents.” WK John Lee “Sonny Boy” Williamson reworked the song into a blues standard. EW-179 The Rolling Stones recorded the song for their 1972 album Exile on Main Street. Their version features prominent slide guitar from Mick Taylor and harmonica and guitar from Mick Jagger. WK Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (2004), Jeff Healey Band (1995), The Rolling Stones (1972), Junior Wells & Buddy Guy (1968, 1969), Todd Rundgren (2011), The White Stripes (1999), Lucinda Williams (1979), Sonny Boy Williamson I (1945), ZZ Top (1996) “Traveling Riverside Blues” Released: 1961 Awards: “Traveling Riverside Blues” has a typical twelve-bar blues structure and features the well-known lyric “Now you can squeeze my lemon ‘til the juice run down my leg.” Johnson probably borrowed the line from 1937’s “She Squeezed My Lemon” by Roosevelt Sykes. WK Johnson revisited the arrangement of “Rollin’ and Tumblin’” which he used for “If I Had Possession Over Judgment Day.” He added a lyric name-checking three riverbank hot spots in Mississippi. It is “one of his most thoroughly satisfying performances.” EW-180 He did two takes which could easily be mistaken for each other if heard several days apart, but sound utterly different when heard back-to-back. The first is “well sung and well played, a perfectly respectable performance.” On the second take, he “is singing slightly slower and with more emotion.” It is his “sexiest performance since ‘Come on in My Kitchen.’” EW-180 Led Zeppelin recorded the song at the BBC studios on June 24, 1969. It was broadcast four days later on John Peel’s Top Gear show. Jimmy Page used an acoustic slide guitar while John Bonham played triplets on the bass drum. WK In 1990, a video was created for the song that spliced outtake footage from the band’s 1976 concert film The Song Remains the Same with other archival footage, a railroad montage, and underwater shots of the Mississippi River. WK Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (2004), Dion (2005), Led Zeppelin (recorded 1969, released 1990, #7 AR, #57 CN), Todd Rundgren (2011)
“Honeymoon Blues” Released: B-side of single for “Stop Breakin’ Down Blues” (take 1, 3/20/1938) “Honeymoon Blues” “broke no new musical ground.” EW-182 It was yet another variation of the arrangement used for “Me and the Devil” and “Kind Hearted Woman” that had a descending passage on guitar that was “yet again reminiscent of a Carr piano riff.” EW-182 “Still, Johnson sings with easy assurance, and the words are pleasantly romantic, the one completely optimistic lyric he recorded. It is a relief, after all the heartache and loneliness, to hear him deliver a love song, even if his idea of the perfect woman was ‘a sweet little girl that will do anything I say.’” EW-182 Notable Covers: Peter Green Splinter Group (1998) “A Love in Vain” Released: single b/w “Preachin’ Blues” (take 2, 2/9/1939) Awards: Johnson started playing guitar and a rack-mounted harmonica in the late ‘20s. Leroy Carr was an early influence, especially 1928’s “How Long, How Long Blues.” Johnson used the melody from Carr’s 1935 song “When the Sun Goes Down” as the basis for “Love in Vain.” Both songs focus on yearning and sorrow over a lost love. Johnson also borrowed lyrics from the 1932 song “Flying Crow Blues” by the Shreveport Home Wreckers. WK “Love in Vain” is one of Johnson’s “most beautiful and internally cohesive compositions.” EW-183 AllMusic.com’s Thomas Ward called the song “heartbreakingly poignant” and “devastatingly bleak,” saying the opening verse is “arguably the finest few lines that Johnson ever wrote.” He also says, “Never has Johnson’s guitar been so subtle, so much in the background – the song’s success is from the artist’s longing vocal.” WK Johnson calls out to Willie Mae Powell, his lover, in the final verses. She was visibly moved when she heard the song for the first time years later. WK The Rolling Stones recorded the song with an electric slide guitar solo in 1969 for their Let It Bleed album. Critic Richie Unterberger describes it as being “as close to the roots of acoustic down-home blues as the Stones ever got.” WK Mick Jagger told Rolling Stone magazine in 1995 that “We put in extra chords that aren't there on the Robert Johnson version. Made it more country…Robert Johnson was a wonderful lyric writer, and his songs are quite often about love, but they’re desolate.” WK Alan Greenberg wrote an unproduced screenplay called Love in Vain: A Vision of Robert Johnson that explored both facts and myth about Johnson. Stones’ guitarist Keith Richards said, “Finally someone has captured the central feel of this master musician and his times.” WK Notable Covers: Eric Clapton (2004), Thre Faces (2004), Keb’ Mo’ (1998), The Rolling Stones (1969+), Todd Rundgren (2011)
“Milkcow’s Calf Blues” Released: B-side of “Malted Milk” (take 2, September 1937) In 1926, Freddie Spruell recorded a song called “Milk Cow Blues” with lyrics focused on a lost dairy cow. Kokomo Arnold recorded a song of the same title in September 1934. It was widely adapted by other artists and made him a star. Big Bill Broonzy also recorded the song that year. It shared lyrics with the Arnold version but differed melodically from other songs of the same title. WK Johnson “had been mining Arnold’s ‘Milk Cow Blues’ ever since ‘Kind Hearted Woman,’ but only now did he produce an explicit follow-up, ‘Milkcow’s Calf Blues.’” EW-184 Johnson’s take was “a more cohesive and developed composition.” EW-184 Bob Wills’ younger brother Johnnie recorded “Milkcow Blues” in 1941 with Cotton Thompson on vocals. Bob Wills also recorded the song with Tommy Duncan on vocals. In 1954, Elvis Presley recorded Arnold’s version as “Milkcow Blues Boogie.” The arrangement was closer to Wills’ version. Sun Records released it as a single on January 8, 1955 with “You’re a Heartbreaker” on the B side. WK Notable covers: Eric Clapton (2004) |
Sources:
Related DMDB Pages:First posted 8/11/2008; last updated 4/29/2025. |
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